Computational homogenization of elastic-viscoplastic refractory masonry with dry joints

• Computational nonlinear homogenization of refractory masonry is performed. Effects joints closure/reopening on the mechanical behavior are considered. Computationally efficient homogenized elastic-viscoplastic model developed. Dry close and reopen due to cyclic loading unloading. The response orthotropic nonlinear. Refractory with dry widely used in steel-making industry for linings several high-temperature components (>1500 ? C) including steel ladles furnaces. To properly optimize design performance these linings, thorough numerical models that consider presence joints, closure reopening behaviour (creep stress relaxation) refractories at high temperature required. present study reports formulation, implementation, application a multi-scale simulation joints. bricks considered exhibit linear elasticity as well rate-dependent plasticity. Four joint patterns predefined based state bed head each pattern determined using finite element approach. transition criteria between four defined terms macroscopic stresses strains. Verification developed constitutive laws carried out by comparing results detailed micro (brick considered) homogeneous equivalent material models. Furthermore, comparisons experimental walls subjected biaxial compression load room out. Good agreements obtained. Then, validated employed predict structures different conditions. able simulate orthotropic, compressible, mortarless structures, accounts